国际冷战史研究中心

陈波：杜鲁门政府与韩国1952年宪政危机

[27]  “Memorandum by Young to Allison”, June 13, 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XV, pp. 328-337.

[28]  大使馆官员代表的急进观点则走得更远，他们关注于政权的内部合法性基础，而不仅是外部象征性。

[29]  John Kie-chiang Oh, “Role of the United States in South Korea’s Democratization,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Summer 1969), pp. 164-177.

[30]  “Murphy to Muccio”, June 20, 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XV, pp. 346-347.

[31]  “Muccio to Murphy”, June 23, 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XV, pp. 349-351.

[32]  “JCS to Clark”, June 25, 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XV, pp. 358-360.

[33]  即“达成一个宪法妥协方案，既能体现李要求的直接选举和两院制，又能包括国会提出的对政府的控制；取消戒严令；释放被捕议员并不予审判；对部分议员的审判应该公开；在独立监察的情况下进行选举；不得清洗反对派和以死刑进行政治袭击；解除李承晚亲信如李范奭等人的职务；军队不受政治干预和政治任命；停止排外宣传。” “Johnson to Embassy in UK”, June 24, 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XV, p. 352.

[34]  宪法修订案的最主要的四个方面：1）总统及副总统由选民而不是国会直接选出。2）建立一个选举产生的上院分享现有国会的权力，以形成两院制国会。3）国务总理提名内阁成员，由总统任命，国会批准。4）内阁主要向国会负责。国会若以三分之二多数票通过不信任案，内阁须辞职。如果内阁已经任期一年，简单多数即可。

[35]  “Muccio to Department of State”, July 12, 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XV, pp. 402-403.

[36]  Chung G. Kim, Small States and Great Powers: the Case of Relations between South Korea and the United States in the Period 1945-1953, UMI: PhD Dissertation of State University of New York, 1985, p. 185.

[37]  《朗文当代英语辞典》（英文1995年版）的解释是：to improve something by supporting it。

[38]  Douglas J. Macdonald, Adventures in Chaos: American Intervention for Reform in the Third World, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992, p. 13.

[39]  Edward A. Olsen, “South Korea under Military Rule: Friendly Tyrant?” in Daniel Pipes and Adam Grfinkle (eds.), Friendly Tyrants: An American Dilemma, p. 333.

[40]  Douglas J. Macdonald, Adventures in Chaos: American Intervention for Reform in the Third World, pp. 2-3.

[41]  Jong Yil Ra, “Political Crisis in Korea, 1952: The Administration, Legislature, Military and Foreign Powers,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 27 (1992), pp. 301-318.

[42]  Adam Garfinkle, “Friendly Tyrants: Historical Reckoning”, in Daniel Pipes and Adam Garfinkle (eds.), Friendly Tyrants: An American Dilemma, p. 250.

[43]  David S. Painter, “Explaining U.S. Relations with the Third World,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 19, No.3 (Summer 1995), p. 540.

[44]  Edward C. Keefer, “The Truman Administration and the South Korean Political Crisis of 1952: Democracy’s Failure?” Pacific Historical Review, Vol.60 (1991), pp. 145-168.

原载于《史林》2008年第1期

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